Burden of hemorrhagic stroke and hypertensive heart disease attributed to alcohol consumption in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To describe the prevalence of alcohol consumption and the burden of hemorrhagic stroke and hypertensive heart disease attributed to alcohol consumption in adults aged ≥20 years in 31 provinces in China from 2005 to 2018. Methods: Data from several national representative surveys was used to estimate provincial alcohol exposure level of adults aged ≥20 years from 2005 to 2018 by using kriging interpolation and locally weighted regression methods. Global disease burden research method and data, and China's death cause surveillance data were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF) of hemorrhagic stroke and hypertensive heart disease and the deaths due to alcohol consumption in men and women aged ≥20 years in 31 provinces in China. China census data of 2010 were used to calculate the attributable standardized mortality rate. Results: In 2005 and 2018, the prevalence of alcohol consumption was 58.7% (95%CI: 57.8%-59.5%) and 58.4% (95%CI: 57.6%-59.3%), respectively, in men and 17.0% (95%CI: 16.6%-17.4%) and 18.7% (95%CI:18.1%-19.3%), respectively, in women. The daily alcohol intake was 24.6 (95%CI: 23.8-25.3) g and 27.7 (95%CI: 26.8-28.7) g, respectively, in men and 6.3 (95%CI: 6.0-6.5) g and 5.3 (95%CI: 5.0-5.6) g, respectively, in women. Alcohol exposure level was higher in the provinces in central and eastern China than in western provinces. The lowest exposure level was found in northwestern provinces. From 2005 to 2018, the PAF of hemorrhagic stroke death due to alcohol consumption increased from 5.5% to 6.8%, the attributable deaths increased from 50 200 to 59 100, while the PAF of hypertensive heart disease death due to alcohol consumption increased from 7.0% to 7.7%, the attributable deaths increased from 15 200 to 29 300. The PAF of hypertensive heart disease and hemorrhagic stroke was higher in men than in women, and in central and eastern provinces than in western provinces. In 2018, the standardized mortality rates of hemorrhagic stroke and hypertensive heart disease attributed to alcohol consumption were 4.58/100 000 and 2.11/100 000, respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of alcohol consumption in men and daily alcohol intake of drinkers were relatively high in China, especially in eastern provinces. Alcohol exposure level was lower in women than in men. Regional measures should be taken to reduce the alcohol intakes in men and current drinkers in order to reduce the health problems caused by alcohol consumption.

Correlação entre pico de fluxo de tosse e controle postural em indivíduos após AVE na fase subaguda hospitalar / Correlation between peak cough flow and postural control in individuals with stroke in the subacute hospital phase

Introdução: o Acidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE) caracteriza-se por um déficit neurológico agudo e está entre as principais causas de mortalidade e incapacidade no mundo. As complicações respiratórias são responsáveis pelo aumento dos custos com internamento hospitalar e estão associadas a piores desfechos funcionais. Objetivo: investigar a correlação entre o pico de fluxo da tosse e o controle postural em indivíduos após AVE na fase subaguda hospitalar. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo observacional, de delineamento transversal, com indivíduos diagnosticados com AVE, em um hospital de referência em neurologia da rede pública estadual. Para quantificação do pico de fluxo da tosse (PFT) foi utilizado o aparelho Peak Flow Meter e para avaliação do controle postural a Escala de avaliação postural para pacientes após AVE (EAPA). A análise da correlação foi realizada utilizando-se o coeficiente de Pearson. Resultados: a amostra foi composta por 28 voluntários, com média de idade de 57,39±15,1 anos, em sua maior parte com diagnóstico de AVE isquêmico (78,6%), hemiparesia esquerda (70,8%), sexo feminino (67,9%), tempo médio de internação de 21,6±18,0 dias, média do PFT 193,5±93,8 e de EAPA 21,6±11,0. Foi encontrada correlação positiva de moderada a boa entre o PFT e a EAPA (r= 0.52; p= 0.006). Conclusão: existe correlação positiva de moderada a boa entre capacidade da tosse e controle postural em indivíduos com AVE na fase subaguda hospitalar. Compreender essas alterações auxilia na sistematização dos programas de prevenção e reabilitação, desde o internamento.

Introduction: the Stroke is characterized by an acute neurological deficit and is among the main causes of mortality and disability in the world. Respiratory complications are responsible for increased hospital admission costs and are associated with worse functional outcomes. Objective: to investigate the correlation between peak cough flow and postural control in patients with stroke, in the subacute hospital phase. Methods: this is an observational, cross-sectional study with individuals diagnosed with stroke in a neurology referral hospital in the state public network. To quantify peak cough flow (PFC) the Peak Flow Meter device was used and to assess postural control the Postural Assessment Scale for patients after Stroke (PASS). Correlation analysis was performed using Pearson's coefficient. Results: the sample consisted of 28 volunteers, with a mean age of 57.39±15.1 years, mean length of stay of 21.6±18.0 days, most of them female (67.9%) and diagnosed with ischemic stroke (78.6%), left hemiparetic (70.8%), mean PFC 193.5 ± 93.8 L/min and PASS 21.6 ± 11.0. A moderate to good positive correlation was found between PFC and PASS (r= 0.52; p= 0.006). Conclusion: there is a moderate positive correlation between coughing ability and postural control in patients with stroke in the subacute hospital phase. Understanding these changes helps in the systematization of prevention and rehabilitation programs, from hospitalization.

Estudio de caso a una persona con EVC hemorrágico basado en el modelo de Virginia Henderson / Case study of a person with hemorrhagic CVD based on the Cirginia Henderson model

Introducción: la enfermedad vascular cerebral (EVC) es un déficit neurológico súbito causado por alteraciones en la circulación cerebral; considerada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) como la segunda causa global de muerte en el mundo, en el 2020 ocupó el séptimo lugar como causa de muerte, en México es un problema de salud pública y una importante causa de discapacidad. Objetivo: realizar un estudio de caso a una persona con EVC hemorrágico a través del proceso de atención de enfermería. Método: plan de cuidados con el modelo de Virginia Henderson; fuentes de información: directa, hoja de enfermería y expediente clínico. Se graficaron signos vitales y presión intracraneal PIC. Análisis de artículos vigentes en PubMed, Redalyc, SciELO, Elsevier. Descripción del caso: masculino hipertenso en descontrol y fumador moderado. En el servicio de urgencias presenta datos de deterioro rostro caudal en fase bulbar, se da manejo avanzado de la vía aérea e ingresa a quirófano para colocación de ventriculostomía. Con probable mortalidad del 97 %. Consideraciones éticas: principios éticos para la investigación en la Escuela Nacional de Enfermería y Obstetricia, ENEO, Código Deontológico de Enfermería, Código de Ética para las Enfermeras y Enfermeros de México y NOM 004 del expediente clínico. Conclusiones: se emplearon cuidados especializados a necesidades alteradas según modelo de Henderson que continúa siendo actual como filosofía adaptativa para valoración integral del ente de nuestros cuidados. Mejoró mi curva de aprendizaje en conocimiento sensible e intelectual con enfoque crítico y neurológico acorde a la enfermería basada en la evidencia. Las EVC son causa de muerte y discapacidad, no deben ser subestimadas sino objeto de atención de instituciones gubernamentales y de salud a nivel mundial pues falta generar cultura de prevención.

Introduction: CVD is a sudden neurological deficit caused by alterations in cerebral circulation; considered by the WHO as the second global cause of death in the world, in 2020 it ranked seventh as a cause of death in Mexico and an important cause of disability. Objective: to carry out a case study of a person with Hemorrhagic CVD through the Nursing Care Process. Method: care plan with the Henderson model; Information sources: direct, Nursing Sheet and Clinical file. Vital signs and ICP were graphed. Analysis of current articles in PubMed, Redalyc, SciELO, ELSEVIER. Case description: patient is uncontrolled hypertensive and a moderate smoker. In the emergency department, he presented data of facial caudal deterioration in the bulbar phase, advanced management of the airway was given, and he entered the operating room for ventriculostomy placement. With Mortality of 97%. Ethical considerations: ethical principles for research in the ENEO, Nursing Code of Ethics, Code of ethics for nurses in Mexico and NOM 004 of the clinical file. Conclusions: specialized care was used for altered needs according to the Henderson model, which continues to be current as an adaptive philosophy for comprehensive assessment of the entity of our care. It improved my learning curve in sensitive and intellectual knowledge with a critical and neurological approach according to evidence-based nursing. CVDs are a cause of death and disability, they should not be underestimated, but rather the object of attention from governmental and health institutions worldwide since it is necessary to generate a culture of prevention.

Pacientes atendidos com suspeita de acidente vascular encefálico: análise de associação entre diagnóstico e desfecho clínico / Patients treated with suspected stroke: analysis of the association between diagnosis and clinical outcome / Pacientes tratados con sospecha de accidente cerebrovascular: análisis de la asociación entre diagnóstico y evolución clínica

Objetivo: verificar a associação entre o diagnóstico e desfechos clínicos em casos suspeitos de Acidente Vascular Encefálico, atendidos no pronto-socorro de um hospital de alta complexidade. Método: estudo transversal e observacional, com dados secundários e abordagem quantitativa, realizado sobre atendimentos de pacientes com suspeita de Acidente Vascular Encefálico isquêmico ou hemorrágico durante seis meses. Resultados: do total de 50 atendimentos, observou-se que entre os diagnósticos de Acidente Vascular Encefálico, destacaram-se o isquêmico com 18 casos (36%) e o hemorrágico com cinco (10%), sendo que este representou a maior proporção de óbitos, com o total de três (6%). Dentro da amostra, 24 (48%) não tiveram confirmação de AVE, sem qualquer ocorrência de óbito (p-valor= 0,001). Conclusão: observou-se na amostra a associação entre o diagnóstico de Acidente Vascular Encefálico e seu desfecho clínico, com a alta hospitalar como principal desfecho, porém com um alto percentual de óbitos.

Objective: to verify the association between diagnosis and clinical outcomes in suspected cases of stroke treated in the emergency room of a high complexity hospital. Method: a cross-sectional and observational study, with secondary data and a quantitative approach, carried out on visits to patients with suspected ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke for six months. Results: from the total of 50 consultations, it was observed that among the diagnoses of stroke, the ischemic one with 18 cases (36%) and the hemorrhagic one with five (10%) stood out, and this represented the largest proportion of cases. deaths, with a total of three (6%). Within the sample, 24 (48%) had no confirmation of stroke, without any occurrence of death (p-value= 0.001). Conclusion: an association between the diagnosis of stroke and its clinical outcome was observed in the sample, with hospital discharge as the main outcome, but with a high percentage of deaths.

Objetivo: verificar la asociación entre el diagnóstico y los resultados clínicos en casos sospechosos de Accidente cerebrovascular atendidos en el servicio de urgencias de un hospital de alta complejidad. Método: estudio transversal y observacional, con datos secundarios y abordaje cuantitativo, realizado en visitas a pacientes con sospecha de ictus isquémico o hemorrágico durante seis meses. Resultados: del total de 50 consultas, se observó que entre los diagnósticos de Accidente cerebrovascular se destacó el isquémico con 18 casos (36%) y el hemorrágico con cinco (10%), representando la mayor proporción de casos defunciones, con un total de tres (6%). Dentro de la muestra, 24 (48%) no tuvieron confirmación de diagnóstico, sin ocurrencia de muerte (p-valor= 0,001). Conclusión: se observó en la muestra una asociación entre el diagnóstico de Accidente cerebrovascular y su desenlace clínico, siendo el alta hospitalaria el principal desenlace, pero con un alto porcentaje de óbitos.

Perfil clínico de los pacientes con aneurisma cerebral atendidos en el Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín / Clinical profile of patients with cerebral aneurysms treated at Carlos Andrade Marín Hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN. En Ecuador, las enfermedades cerebrovasculares son la tercera causa de muerte en la población general; existen pocos datos en la literatura médica sobre la hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática y aneurismas no rotos, por lo que fue fundamental describir un perfil clínico. OBJETIVO. Caracterizar la clínica de los pacientes con diagnóstico de aneurisma cerebral. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio observacional descriptivo. Población de 450 y muestra de 447 pacientes con diagnóstico de aneurisma cerebral atendidos en la Unidad de Neurología del Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín, periodo enero 2010 a diciembre 2018. Los datos clínicos e imagenológicos fueron recolectados a través de la revisión de historias clínicas digitales obtenidas del sistema informático MIS/AS400, y se analizaron en el programa estadístico International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versión 23. RESULTADOS. Se identificaron 605 aneurismas en 447 pacientes. El 80,5% (360; 447) presentó aneurismas rotos, de éstos el 81,4% (293; 360) tuvo un solo aneurisma. El factor de riesgo más frecuente fue la hipertensión arterial con el 44,3% (198; 447), las manifestaciones observadas fueron: hemorragia subaracnoidea con el 98,9% (356; 360) en aneurismas rotos; y cefalea con el 65,5% (57; 87) en aneurismas no rotos. DISCUSIÓN. Se encontró datos relevantes no coincidentes con la literatura científica mundial, como el bajo número de aneurismas asintomáticos y no rotos, comparados con su contraparte. CONCLUSIÓN. Se evidenció que los aneurismas intracraneales produjeron una amplia gama de manifestaciones clínicas, que fluctuaron desde la hemorragia subaracnoidea como la más frecuente en el grupo de aneurismas rotos, hasta pacientes completamente asintomáticos en el grupo de aneurismas no rotos.

INTRODUCTION. In Ecuador, cerebrovascular diseases are the third leading cause of death in the general population; there are few data in the medical literature on aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and unruptured aneurysms, so it was essential to describe a clinical profile. OBJECTIVE. To characterize the clinical profile of patients diagnosed with cerebral aneurysm. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Descriptive observational study. Population of 450 and sample of 447 patients with a diagnosis of cerebral aneurysm seen in the Neurology Unit of the Carlos Andrade Marín Hospital, period January 2010 to December 2018. Clinical and imaging data were collected through the review of digital medical records obtained from the MIS/AS400 computer system, and were analyzed in the statistical program International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 23. RESULTS. A total of 605 aneurysms were identified in 447 patients. A total of 80,5% (360; 447) had ruptured aneurysms, of which 81,4% (293; 360) had a single aneurysm. The most common risk factor was hypertension with 44,3% (198; 447), the manifestations observed were: subarachnoid hemorrhage with 98,9% (356; 360) in ruptured aneurysms; and headache with 65,5% (57; 87) in unruptured aneurysms. DISCUSSION. We found relevant data not consistent with the world scientific literature, such as the low number of asymptomatic and unruptured aneurysms, compared with its counterpart. CONCLUSION. It was evidenced that intracranial aneurysms produced a wide range of clinical manifestations, ranging from subarachnoid hemorrhage as the most frequent in the group of ruptured aneurysms, to completely asymptomatic patients in the group of unruptured aneurysms.

Tasa de incidencia del accidente cerebrovascular en el Perú / Incidence rate of stroke in Peru

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la tasa de incidencia del accidente cerebro vascular (ACV) total y por subtipos en el Perú entre 2017 y 2018. Materiales y métodos: Análisis de datos de morbilidad hospitalaria obtenidos de la Superintendencia Nacional de Salud (datos abiertos). A partir de los códigos CIE-10 se estudiaron la hemorragia subaracnoidea (I60), la hemorragia intracerebral atraumática (I61), el infarto cerebral (I63) y el ACV no especificado (I64). Se estimó la tasa de incidencia cruda y estandarizada por edad (comparando contra la población de la Organización Mundial de la Salud) y se usó como denominador el número de personas según año, edad y sexo de acuerdo con proyecciones nacionales. Resultados: En 2017, se registró un total de 10 570 casos de ACV, mientras que en 2018 hubo 12 835. Los eventos isquémicos fueron más frecuentes en ambos años. Independientemente del subtipo de ACV y del año, los varones fueron más afectados que las mujeres. En la población de 35 años a más, se evidenció un aumento en la incidencia cruda de ACV total entre 2017 y 2018, de 80,9 a 96,7 por 100 000 personas-año. La incidencia estandarizada mostró la misma tendencia, pero en mayor magnitud: de 93,9 a 109,8 por 100 000 personas-año. El ACV isquémico fue el que más aumentó, con una tasa estandarizada en mayores de 35 años de 35,2 en 2017 y de 46,3 en 2018 por 100 000 personas-año. Conclusiones: La incidencia de ACV es elevada en el Perú, con predominio de casos isquémicos y afectando desproporcionalmente a los varones. Estos resultados sugieren la necesidad de tener un sistema de vigilancia para cuantificar la incidencia de estos casos y entender sus determinantes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the incidence of stroke, overall and by sub-types, in Peru between 2017 and 2018. Materials and Methods: Analysis of hospital morbidity data obtained from SUSALUD (open data). Using the ICD-10 codes, the following were studied: subarachnoid hemorrhage (I60), atraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (I61), cerebral infarction (I63), and unspecified stroke (I64). The crude and age-standardized incidence was calculated according to the population of the World Health Organization and using the national projected population number of people according to year, age and sex as the denominator. Results: In 2017, a total of 10,570 stroke cases were recorded, whereas, in 2018, there were 12,835 cases. Ischemic events were more frequent in both years. Regardless of stroke subtype and year, men were more affected than women. In the 35+ year-old population, an increase in the crude incidence of total stroke was observed between 2017 and 2018, from 80.9 to 96.7 per 100,000 person-years. The age-standardized incidence showed the same trend, but in a greater magnitude: from 93.9 to 109.8 per 100,000 person-years. Ischemic stroke was the one that increased the most, with an age-standardized rate in people aged 35+ years of 35.2 in 2017 and 46.3 per 100,000 person-years in 2018. Conclusions: The incidence of stroke is high in Peru. Ischemic cases are the most frequent and they disproportionately affect men. Our results suggest the need for a surveillance system to robustly quantify the incidence of these cases and understand their determinants.

Revascularizacion cerebral en el moyamoya del adulto / Cerebral revascularization in adult moyamoya

Introducción: el Moyamoya (MM) es una enfermedad crónica esteno-oclusiva de los vasos arteriales intracraneanos asociado al desarrollo secundario de arteriolas dilatadas en la base del cerebro. La historia natural de la enfermedad predispone a infartos y/o hemorragias cerebrales. El objetivo del presente trabajo es mostrar nuestra experiencia en el manejo quirúrgico del MM del adulto. Material y método: se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de 11 pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de MM tratados entre mayo 2014 y mayo 2020. Se analizaron las historias clínicas, estudios diagnósticos, protocolos y videos operatorios. En el preoperatorio se utilizó la escala angiográfica de Suzuki y para la valoración clínica pre y postoperatoria la escala de Rankin modificada. Resultados: se operaron 11 pacientes (8 femeninos), 9 son portadores de EMM y 2 con SMM secundario a NF1 y enfermedad de Hashimoto. Se realizaron 16 procedimientos de revascularización en 11 pacientes (en 5 pacientes la revascularización cerebral fue bilateral), 12 fueron combinados (bpTS más EDMS) y en 4 sólo sinangiosis tipo EDAMS.El aumento del flujo sanguíneo cerebral se constató en todos los casos mediante ADC luego de los 6 meses de la cirugía. La permeabilidad del bpTS se comprobó en 10 de 12 bpTS (83.3 %) y la revascularización de la sinangiosis fue muy buena en todos los pacientes. El 82 % de los pacientes mejoraron un punto o más en la escala de Rankin y un paciente presentó un infarto frontal en TAC postoperatoria sin repercusión clínica. Conclusiones: la evolución natural de la enfermedad conduce al deterioro neurológico por ACV isquémico y/o hemorrágico. En nuestra experiencia, la mejor opción terapéutica en el adulto es la revascularización cerebral combinada porque disminuye la incidencia de ACV con resultados favorables y escasa morbilidad

Introduction: Moyamoya is a chronic steno-occlusive disease of the intracranial vessels associated to the secondary development of dilated arterioles at the base of the brain. The natural history of the disease predisposes to cerebral infarcts and/or hemorrhages. The objective of this paper is to show our experience and surgical management of adult moyamoya. Materials and Methods: retrospective review of 11 adult patients with moyamoya treated from May 2014 to May 2020 was performed. Clinical charts, neuroimaging studies, operative records and surgical videos were analyzed. The Suzuki scale was used as a preoperative score, and the modified Rankin scale was used for pre and postoperative clinical assessment. Results: Eleven patients (8 females) were operated at our Institution: 9 are MMD and 2 MMS secondary to NF1 and Hashimoto disease. We performed 16 cerebral revascularizations in 11 patients (in 5 patients thecerebral revascularization was bilateral), 12 were combined (STA-MCA bypass plus EDMS) and in only 4 EDAMS synangiosis was done.The increase in cerebral blood flow was verified in all cases by follow-up DSA at 6 months. The STA-MCA bypass permeability was verified in 10 of 12 cases (83.3%) and the revascularization by synangiosis was demonstrated in all patients. Clinical follow-up showed that 82 % of the patients improved one point or more on the modified Rankin scale and one patient presented a frontal infarction on postoperative CT without clinical worsening. Conclusions: The natural course of the disease leads to neurological deterioration due to ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. According to our experience, the best therapeutic option in adults is combined cerebral revascularization because it decreases the incidence of stroke with good results and low morbidity

Alterações cardiorrespiratórias em indivíduos hemiparéticos crônicos pós-acidente vascular cerebral / Cardiorespiratory changes in chronic post-stroke hemiparetic patients

Objetivo: Analisar a função cardiorrespiratória em pacientes he- miparéticos crônicos pós-acidente vascular cerebral. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, por meio da análise de dados de prontuários de pacientes submetidos ao teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e manovacuometria em uma clínica de fisioterapia de um centro universitário. Foram analisados os dados de sete prontuários. Re- sultados: A média de metros percorridos pelos participantes no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos foi de 199,5. Os valores percentuais da manovacuometria foram de -41,34 na pressão inspiratória máxima e de 57,85 na pressão expiratória máxima. Conclusão: Os dados desta pesquisa sugerem que indivíduos hemiparéticos crônicos apresentam fadiga respiratória e muscular, diminuição da capacidade funcional durante a marcha e fraqueza dos músculos respiratórios.

Objective: To analyze the cardiorespiratory function in chronic post-stroke hemiparetic patients. Methods: This is a retrospective study, through data analysis of medical records from patients who underwent the 6-minute walk test and manovacuometry, in a physical therapy clinic of a university center. Results: The mean number of meters walked by participants in the 6-minut walk test was 199.5 meters. The percentage values of manovacuometry were -41,34 in the maximun inspiratory pressure and 57.85 in the maximun expiratory pressure. Conclusion: The data from this survey suggest that chronic hemiparetic individuals have respiratory and muscle fatigue, decreased functional capacity during gait, and respiratory muscle weakness.

Caracterización de pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular en un servicio de emergencias de Santiago de Cuba / Characterization of patients with stroke in an emergency service from Santiago de Cuba

Introducción: El accidente cerebrovascular es el daño neurológico que ocurre cuando uno de los vasos sanguíneos del cerebro se obstruye por un coágulo (embolia o trombo) o se rompe (hemorragia), lo cual no permite el flujo sanguíneo cerebral. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular atendidos en el Servicio de Emergencias del Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico Docente Dr. Joaquín Castillo Duany de Santiago de Cuba. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 122 pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular atendidos en el mencionado Servicio desde octubre de 2016 hasta igual mes de 2017. Se tuvieron en cuenta variables de interés demográficas relacionadas con la enfermedad y se utilizó el porcentaje como medida resumen. Resultados: En la serie predominaron el sexo femenino (58,2 %) y el grupo etario de 61-70 años. Se comprobó que 26,2 % de los afectados permanecieron más de 6 horas en el Servicio de Emergencias y se encontró una asociación de esta enfermedad con la hipertensión arterial, la diabetes mellitus, la cardiopatía isquémica, el hábito de fumar, el alcoholismo y la hiperlipidemia; igualmente, el uso inadecuado del tratamiento farmacológico y de la ventilación mecánica artificial ocasionó una tasa de letalidad elevada. Conclusiones: A pesar de los estudios realizados en esta misma institución, se impone continuar profundizando en el adecuado control y seguimiento de dichos accidentes, así como también desarrollar estrategias que permitan la superación y preparación del personal médico y paramédico de ese centro hospitalario.

Introduction: The stroke is the neurological damage that happens when one of the brain blood vessels is obstructed by a clot (embolism or clot) or it breaks (hemorrhages), which doesn't allow the brain blood flow. Objective: To characterize the patients with stroke assisted in the Emergencies Service of Dr. Joaquín Castillo Duany Teaching Clinical Surgical Hospital in Santiago de Cuba. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 122 patients with stroke assisted in the mentioned Service from October, 2016 to the same month in 2017 was carried out. Demographic variables of interest related to the disease were taken into account and the percentage as summary measure was used. Results: The female sex (58.2 %) and 61-70 age group prevailed in the series. It was demonstrated that 26.2 % of those affected stayed more than 6 hours in the Emergencies Service and it was found an association of this disease with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, nicotine addiction, alcoholism and hyperlipemia; equally, the inadequate use of the pharmacological treatment and the mechanic artificial ventilation caused a high lethality rate. Conclusions: In spite of the studies carried out in this same institution, it is important to continue deepening in the appropriate control and follow up of these accidents, as well as to develop strategies that allow training and preparation of the medical and paramedic staff of that hospital.

Complicaciones neurológicas y extra neurológicas en pacientes con ACV internados en el Hospital de Clínicas de Montevideo durante un período de 2 años / Neurological and extra-neurological complications in stroke patients treated at Hospital de Clinicas during a 2 years period / Complicações neurológicas e extraneurológicas em pacientes com AVC internados no Hospital de Clínicas de Montevidéu por um período de 2 anos

Introducción: Los pacientes con Ataque Cerebrovascular (ACV) presentan un elevado riesgo de complicaciones durante la internación, que pueden condicionar su pronóstico. Objetivos: Describir las complicaciones neurológicas y extra neurológicas durante la internación. Evaluar sus características y diferencias de acuerdo al tipo de ACV. Identificar factores predictores de complicaciones y de mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Pacientes y métodos: Fueron incluidos en el estudio los pacientes atendidos en el Hospital de Clínicas (HC) de Montevideo con diagnóstico de ACV entre 1/1/14 y 31/12/15. Se analizaron las principales características clínico-epidemiológicas de los pacientes, se pesquisó la presencia o no de complicaciones según el subtipo y se clasificaron en Neurológicas y Extra Neurológicas (Sistémicas y Cardiovasculares). Resultados: Se analizaron 206 pacientes, 57 % de los cuales presentaron complicaciones, indistintamente del subtipo de ACV. Las más habituales fueron las sistémicas, en 49 % de los casos. La edad, diabetes, NIHSS al ingreso, cardiopatía previa y trombólisis se asociaron en forma significativa e independiente a complicaciones. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue 11 %, siendo significativamente menor en los pacientes que ingresaron a la Unidad de ACV del centro. Conclusiones: Las complicaciones fueron muy frecuentes y la principal causa de muerte, siendo las sistémicas las más prevalentes. Ciertas variables se asociaron a un mayor riesgo de complicaciones: edad, diabetes, cardiopatía previa, NIHSS al ingreso, y la trombolisis. La Unidad de ACV descendió la mortalidad en forma significativa.

Introduction: Stroke patients present high risk of complications conditioning its prognosis. Objectives: To describe neurological and extra-neurological complications during admission. To evaluate complications according with stroke subtype, identifying morbidity and mortality predictive factors. Patients and methods : All patients treated at the Hospital de Clínicas (HC) with a diagnosis of stroke between 01/01/14 and 12/31/15 were analyzed. The presence or absence of complications was also analyzed according to stroke subtype during the hospital stay and were classified into three groups: neurological and extra-neurological, the last ones subdivided into systemic and cardiovascular diseases. Results: Sample of 206 patients. 57 % of them presented complications, regardless to the stroke subtype. The most common complications were the systemic ones (49 %). Age, diabetes, NIHSS at admission, previous cardiac disease and thrombolysis were significantly associated with complications. Overall mortality was 11 %. Mortality was significantly lower for patients admitted to the institutional Stroke Unit. Conclusions : Stroke complications were very frequent and are the main cause of mortality, with systemic complications being the most common. Furthermore, there are other variables which are associated with a greater risk of complications such as older age, diabetes, previous heart disease, NIHSS at admission, and thrombolysis. Admission to stroke unit resulted in a significant decrease in the mortality rate.

Introdução: Pacientes com Ataque Cerebrovascular (AVC) apresentam alto risco de complicações durante a hospitalização, o que pode condicionar seu prognóstico. Objetivos: Descrever as complicações neurológicas e extra neurológicas durante a hospitalização. Avalie suas características e diferenças de acordo com o tipo de ACV. Identifique fatores que predizem complicações e mortalidade hospitalar. Pacientes e métodos: Os pacientes atendidos no Hospital de Clínicas (HC) de Montevidéu com diagnóstico de acidente vascular cerebral entre 1/1/14 e 31/12/15 foram incluídos no estudo. As principais características clínico-epidemiológicas dos pacientes foram analisadas e a presença ou ausência de complicações de acordo com o subtipo foi investigada e classificada em Neurológica e Extra Neurológica (Sistêmica e Cardiovascular). Resultados: foram analisados 206 pacientes, 57 % dos quais apresentaram complicações, independentemente do subtipo ACV. Os mais comuns foram sistêmicos, em 49 % dos casos. Idade , diabetes, NIHSS na admissão, Trombólise foram significativamente associados a complicações. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 11 %, sendo significativamente menor nos pacientes internados na Unidade de ACV do centro. Conclusões: As complicações foram muito freqüentes e a principal causa de morte, sendo as sistêmicas as mais prevalentes. Certas variáveis foram associadas a um risco aumentado de complicações: idade, diabetes, doença cardíaca prévia, NIHSS na admissão e trombólise. A Unidade de ACV diminuiu significativamente a mortalidade.

Hemorragia intracerebral supratentorial espontânea: aspectos determinantes para melhor prognóstico funcional / Spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage: determining aspects for better functional prognosis

Objetivo: Detectar quais aspectos das hemorragias intracerebrais supratentoriais espontâneas lobares e de núcleos da base se correlacionam com melhor prognóstico funcional, além de analisar se os pacientes admitidos com GCS = 9 (Escala de Coma de Glasgow – GCS) que atingiram melhor prognóstico funcional após 30 dias do íctus foram beneficiados pelo tratamento cirúrgico. Método: Sessenta e sete pacientes (18 a 80 anos) com hematomas intraparenquimatosos espontâneos lobares e de núcleos da base foram avaliados quanto a idade, nível de consciência à admissão hospitalar, profundidade da lesão, volume do hematoma, ausência de hemoventrículo, desvio de linha média (DLM), tempo entre íctus e cirurgia, além da opção de tratamento (cirúrgico ou conservador), sendo correlacionados com a evolução funcional em 30 dias após o íctus da hemorragia (Escala de Resultados de Glasgow – GOS), considerando-se melhor prognóstico funcional se GOS = 3. Resultados: Nas hemorragias lobares, pacientes admitidos com GCS = 9 e com volume do hematoma < 50 ml alcançaram bom prognóstico funcional (p < 0,001). Houve tendência a bom resultado se DLM = 5 mm (p = 0,051), quando tratamento é cirúrgico (p = 0,098) e se não há hemoventrículo (p = 0,073). Nas hemorragias de núcleos da base, apenas pacientes admitidos com GCS = 9 atingiram bom resultado funcional (p = 0,009). Pacientes admitidos com GCS = 9 e que atingiram GOS = 3 foram beneficiados quando volume do hematoma é menor que 50 ml (p = 0,048). Pacientes com hemorragias lobares admitidos com GCS = 9 em deterioração neurológica tendem a ser beneficiados pela cirurgia. Conclusão: Todos os pacientes admitidos com GCS = 9 têm melhor prognóstico funcional. Pacientes com hemorragias lobares e lesões menores que 50 ml também são significativamente favorecidos, além de existir tendência à melhor evolução quando operados, sem hemoventrículo e com DLM = 5 mm. Se admitidos não comatosos (GCS = 9), hematomas pequenos colaboram para melhor resultado funcional, e pacientes com hemorragias lobares em deterioração neurológica tendem a se beneficiar com a cirurgia.

Objective: Determine which aspects of the lobar and basal ganglia spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage correlates with better functional outcome, and to analyze whether patients admitted with GCS = 9 (Glasgow Coma Scale – GCS) who achieved better functional outcome after 30 days of ictus were benefited by surgical treatment. Method: Sixty-seven patients (18-80 years) with spontaneous lobar and basal ganglia intraparenchymal hematomas were evaluated based as age, level of consciousness at hospital admission, lesion depth, hematoma volume, absence of ventricular hemorrhage, midline shift (MLS), time between hemorrhage and surgery, treatment option (surgery or conservative), being correlated with the functional evolution in 30 days after the bleeding (Glasgow Outcome Scale – GOS), considering good functional prognosis if GOS = 3. Results: In lobar hemorrhages, patients admitted with GCS = 9 and hematoma volume < 50 ml achieved good functional outcome (p < 0.001). There was a trend of good result if MLS = 5 mm (p = 0.051), choice of surgical treatment (p = 0.098) and absence of ventricular hemorrhage (p = 0.073). In basal ganglia hemorrhages only patients admitted with GCS = 9 achieved a good functional outcome (p = 0.009). Patients admitted with GCS = 9 and reached GOS = 3 were benefited when hematoma volume < 50 ml (p = 0.048). Patients with lobar hemorrhage admitted with GCS = 9 and were in neurological deterioration appear to be benefited by surgery. Conclusion: All patients admitted with GCS = 9 has better functional prognosis. Patients with lobar hemorrhages and lesions smaller than 50 ml are also significantly favored, besides there is a trend to better evolution when patients are operated, when there is an absence of ventricular hemorrhage and MLS = 5 mm. If not admitted comatose (GCS = 9), small bleeding (< 50 ml) collaborate to better functional outcome. Surgery shows a trend to benefit patients with lobar hemorrhage in neurological deterioration.

La historia clínica de Wolfang Amadeus Mozart / Medical record of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Resumen Las hipótesis en torno a las patologías que tuvo Wolfang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) en su vida, la enfermedad final y la causa de su muerte han generado alrededor de 160 diagnósticos diferentes. En este trabajo se analizan las causas más pertinentes desde el punto de vista de la medicina interna y se plantea que es improbable que fuese un enfermo crónico, o un paciente psiquiátrico, o tuviese un síndrome genético, o hubiese sido envenenado. Se concluye que en los dos últimos meses de su existencia presentó una posible hipertensión arterial sistémica severa y luego desarrolló un síndrome nefrótico o nefrótico-nefrítico causado, quizá, por una fiebre tifoidea y aparecieron las complicaciones de una insuficiencia renal aguda en sus últimos días y un accidente cerebrovascular hemorrágico final. (Acta Med Colomb 2013; 38: 244-254).

Abstract The hypotheses in regard to the pathologies that had Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) in his life, the final illness and the cause of his death have generated about 160 different diagnoses. This paper analyzes the most relevant causes from the point of view of internal medicine and suggests that it is unlikely that he were a chronically ill patient or a mental patient, or that he had a genetic syndrome or had been poisoned. We conclude that in the last two months of its existence he had a possible severe systemic arterial hypertension and then developed a nephrotic syndrome or nephrotic - nephritic caused perhaps by typhoid fever, and that in his last days the complications of an acute renal failure appeared and had a final hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident. (Acta Med Colomb 2013; 38: 244-254).